Exploring the Impact of Biotype Color, Scarification Techniques, and Intensity on Germination and Growth of Kola Plantlets (Cola nitida, Vent. Schott. & Endl.) in the Pre-Nursery Stage

Abstract

Kola nut (Cola nitida, Vent. Schott. & Endl.) is an economically important tree crop in West Africa with a long history of cultural and commercial significance. Seed dormancy is a major constraint to large-scale propagation. This study evaluated the influence of biotype colour, scarification techniques and scarification intensity on germination and early growth of kola plantlets in the pre-nursery stage. Seeds from two biotypes (white-cotyledon and red-cotyledon) were subjected to three scarification techniques (epicarp scrapping, epicarp cutting and soaking in water) at three intensity levels (25%, 50% and 75% surface area treatment). Results showed that biotype colour significantly influenced germination, with white-cotyledon kola exhibiting superior germination percentage (86.67%) compared to red-cotyledon (73.33%). Epicarp cutting at 50% intensity produced the best overall germination and seedling growth parameters. The interaction of biotype colour, scarification technique and intensity had significant effects on most growth variables. These findings provide practical guidelines for nursery operators and kola growers seeking to optimize propagation of this important tree crop.